▲图 呼吸气体加热加湿装置

血管内热交换导管-- 有创血管内热交换导管比表面系统传递更多的热量。由于它们的侵入性和昂贵性，它们的使用仅限于建立故意的治疗性体温过低。

▲图 血管内热交换导管

总之，我们应在麻醉和手术期间应保持常温，监测持续时间超过30分钟的全身麻醉患者体温；在诱导麻醉前进行预热和术中主动对患者加温；应当在患者到达麻醉恢复室（PACU）或重症监护病房（ICU）时测量温度。术后早期温度异常很常见，体温过低会导致潜在的不良后果，应及时治疗。

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